Continual Vigilance

The latter developed in part by Knopper who has a visual impairment.

The open source GNOME desktop environment long included Gnopernicus and now includes Orca. This year Anthony Loeff nonprofit worker is writing about digital tools for Experimental approaches in sensory substitution are beginning to provide access to arbitrary live views from a camera.

Screen reader choice is contentious: differing priorities and strong preferences are common. This interpretation is then represented to the user with text-to-speech, sound icons, or a braille output. The primary audience for such applications is those who have difficulty reading because of learning disabilities or language barriers. Linux distributions for the blind include Oralux and Adriane Knoppix. Almost 6 percent of those deemed legally blind, by any measure, have no vision. Screen readers can be assumed to be able to access all display content that is not intrinsically inaccessible.

Later versions of Microsoft Windows include an Accessibility Wizard and Magnifier for those with partial vision, and Microsoft Narrator, a simple screen reader. Only a small fraction of this population, when compared to the sighted community, have Internet access.

The movement towards greater web accessibility is opening a far wider number of websites to adaptive technology, making the web a more inviting place for visually impaired surfers. While Apple Mac OS X includes VoiceOver, a more feature-rich screen reader. Most legally blind people 79 percent do not use computers.

The rest have some vision, from light perception alone to relatively good acuity. More and more, screen readers are being bundled with operating system distributions. The Macintosh OS also comes with a built-in screen reader, called VoiceOver. There are also open source screen readers, such as the Linux Screen Reader for GNOME and NonVisual Desktop Access for Windows.

Screen readers are a form of assistive technology potentially useful to people who are blind, visually impaired, or learning disabled, often in combination with other AT such as screen magnifiers. However, using a screen reader is, according to some users, considerably more difficult than using a GUI and many applications have specific problems resulting from the nature of the application. Web browsers, word processors, icons and windows and email programs are just some of the applications used successfully by screen reader users. The console-based Oralux Linux distribution ships with three screen-reading environments: Emacspeak, Yasr and Speakup. A persons choice of screen reader is dictated by many factors, including platform and the role of organizations like charities, schools, and employers.

A screen reader is a software application that attempts to identify and interpret what is being displayed on the screen. Recent versions of Microsoft Windows come with the rather basic Narrator. Access technology such as screen readers and Screen magnifiers enable the blind to use mainstream computer applications. Further functionality remains limited compared to equivalent desktop applications, the major benefit is to increase the accessibility of said websites.

Whew! According to Computer Gaming World, there are 80 gazillion free Flash games sites in the cyber world.

Popular sites are:

• www.games.yahoo.com — this has card games, word games, arcade games, as well as puzzles. The number of violent games is limited so the site appeals to the “old-young” -those who are young at heart.
• www.shockwave.com — a popular site with original games as well as PopCap ones. One can do a jigsaw here everyday.
• www.addictinggames.com - has free games that are updated every weekFriday. The site has action, arcade, puzzle, as well as sports games.
• www.arcadetown.com — has Flash games, java games, downloads and more.

Since Flash offers many advantages to developers as well as players, many games are designed using Macromedia Flash. It is by far the best game platform and has incredible features.

In an industry that’s evincing exponential growth, Flash has become the universal and popular choice for multimedia intensive web sites. Flash, singly crosses most barriers

• It supports complicated and wonderful graphics.
• Allows download of files via the Internet.
• And is compatible with playback devices.

In the world of Flash enabled games the hosting system is the web server itself. Flash enables web sites to host animated as well as interactive movies and games. There is no paraphernalia required. All that is needed is to download the game itself. The costs are minimal and not recurring.

To play on the web all that is required is: a web browser, a Flash player, and the Internet. Flash is the universal plug in needed to play games. It is installed on every PC with Windows XP and Mac.

Playing online can be fun and most games can now be played by many players from all round the world. Just keep in mind:

• That there are players who cheat at games. Look for PunkBuster software on the server, this detects cheats who try and gain unfair advantages.
• Play with others who have credibility and are accountable for their actions. Many online sites need verified log ins, they are actively managed gaming environments. This is a better choice for safe gaming.
• Create a select group of friends and use the broadband server to host a private gaming server.
• Do your research thoroughly. Seek safe and high quality gaming sites.

Gaming is in its golden phase and is set to reach new heights. Innovation, new business models, and unprecedented growth is expected to open new avenues in gaming.

Paul Wilson is a freelance writer for www.1888FreeOnlineGames.com<www.1888FreeOnlineGames.com/>, the premier website to play thousands of free online games including arcade games, action games, card games, flash games, strategy games, puzzle games and more. He also freelances for www.1888SoftwareDownloads.com<www.1888SoftwareDownloads.com/>.

“Systems are logical, programming is physical.”
- Bryce’s Law

For something that is supposed to be “soft”, software exhibits
some pretty “hard” characteristics. The original premise behind the
COBOL programming language was to devise a language that could
be easily ported to several computers. As we all know, this never
truly happened due to computer manufacturers who tweaked the language
to suit their particular needs. What ran on an IBM machine, for
example, didn’t necessarily run the same on Honeywell, UNIVAC, or
the rest of the BUNCH. Consequently, software developers had to
maintain different versions of source code to suit the particular
needs of the various computer compilers. This plagued all third
generation languages until Sun introduced JAVA in the 1990’s. The
JAVA premise that a programmer should “write once, run everywhere”
was the right idea and the language began to gain momentum, until
it ran into Microsoft who didn’t want to turn the operating system
into an inconsequential afterthought. JAVA lives on, but not to
the extent it should have, and developers are back to managing
separate versions of source code.

The point is, software does in fact exhibit some very “hard”
characteristics as it is married to the host computer configuration
making it not very portable. As mentioned, this creates headaches
for those of us, particularly commercial software vendors, in
terms of maintaining consistency in the different versions of
our products.

What to do?

Back in the 1970’s and 1980’s we were faced with the dilemma of
managing a single product on over a dozen different platforms. We
quickly came to the realization we would go stark raving mad
managing multiple versions of source code and came to the conclusion
we had better come up with a solution pretty quick. Because of our
experience in converting software, we became well versed in the
nuances of the various compilers and devised a Repository (we
called it a “filter program” at the time) which maintained the rules
of the various compilers. We were also very disciplined in writing
code to specific standards and embedded certain switches in the
base source code. When we were ready to produce a new release of
our product, we would feed the base code into our “filter program”
which would then create the different versions of the source
code ready for compilation. This saved us an incredible amount
of time and brought consistency to all of the versions of the
product. In other words, our programming staff worked with only
one set of code (not multiple variations), the “filter program”
then analyzed it and created the necessary permeation for a targeted
platform. As compilers changed, we would update the “filter
program” accordingly.

We also learned to maintain print maps, screen panels, messages
and help text separate from the source code, which greatly
enhanced our ability to create a new version of the product to
suit a foreign language and culture; see “Creating Universal
Systems” at:

http://www.phmainstreet.com/mba/pride/isspus.htm

Let us take it a step further, for years we have touted
there are logical and physical dimensions to Information
Systems. Using the “PRIDE” Standard System Structure concept
in “PRIDE”-ISEM, we look upon Systems and Sub-Systems (business
processes) as logical constructs, and Procedures and Programs
as physical constructs. Further, data components such as inputs,
outputs, files, records and data elements can be specified
logically and implemented physically many different ways. Let
me give you an example; back in the 1980’s one of our “PRIDE”
users (a large Fortune 500 electronic conglomerate) bought
into our logical/physical concept and decided to put it to the
test. Working from their corporate offices, they designed a
complete Payroll System which they wanted to implement as the
corporate standard across all of their divisions and
subsidiaries. They completed the system with a recommended
programming solution they wrote themselves (no packages were
used) which I believe was an IBM MVS solution using COBOL. However,
they recognized early on this implementation wouldn’t work
across the board in the company. Consequently, they gave the
system specifications to all of their divisions who would then
program it themselves in-house. The project turned out to be
a major success and the company ended up with multiple
implementations of the same system under IBM MVS, VM,
Honeywell GCOS, UNIVAC Exec, HP MPE, DEC VAX/VMS, and
Prime; all working harmoniously together. Other “PRIDE” users
experienced similar successes, particularly in Japan.

All of this drives home the point that systems are logical in nature,
and that programming is physical. If systems are designed
properly, there is no reason they shouldn’t behave identically
on whatever computer platform you come up with. Better yet, it
allows us to easily migrate our systems from one configuration
to another. Uniformity and consistency in execution; and portability
to boot. Imagine that.

Tim Bryce is the Managing Director of M. Bryce & Associates (MBA)
of Palm Harbor, Florida and has 30 years of experience in the field.
He is available for training and consulting on an international basis.
He can be contacted at: timb001@phmainstreet.com

Copyright © 2006 MBA. All rights reserved.